Het is een moeilijk onderwerp om te onderzoeken, maar als je alle onderzoek naast elkaar zou leggen, blijkt dat wellicht 1 op 7 studenten wereldwijd anderen betaalt om papers te schrijven en dit aantal zou toenemen. Dit blijkt uit een nieuwe review studie van Philip Newton. Als je alle onderzoeken bekijkt, zou slechts 3,5% vals spelen, maar als je enkel naar data sinds 2014 kijkt, dan kom je aan 15,7 en de 1 op 7 uit de titel.
Er zijn wel enkele bedenkingen bij te maken:
- er is quasi altijd sprake van zelfrapportage, waardoor de kans bestaat dat men liegt of overdrijft. Dit kan het resultaat in beide richtingen beïnvloeden, maar omdat in verschillende onderzoeken de anonimiteit niet verzekerd kon worden, zal het wellicht eerder over een onderschatting gaan.
- wellicht zijn studenten die vals spelen minder geneigd aan dergelijk onderzoek mee te doen. Het is opvallend hoe laag de respons in verschillende studies is. De kans dat dit terug dus een onderschatting is, is reëel.
- er moet wel een aanbod bestaan van leveranciers van papers, en dit kan verschillen naargelang bijvoorbeeld de taal waarin de paper moet geschreven worden.
De onderzoeker geeft ook een overzicht van mogelijke factoren die meespelen opdat studenten een betaalde schrijfdienst inschakelen:
- Past cheating behavior (Nonis and Swift, 1998; Whitley, 1998; Quintos, 2017)
- An understanding of what constitutes cheating/academic integrity training (Christensen-Hughes and McCabe, 2006; O’Neill and Pfeiffer, 2012; Curtis et al., 2013)
- The use of honor codes (McCabe, 2016)
- Poor study conditions (Whitley, 1998)
- Academic level/year of study (Baetz et al., 2011; Ledesma, 2011; Ahmadi, 2014)
- Stress/lack of time (Park et al., 2013; Smith et al., 2013)
- Gender (men more likely to cheat) (Genereux and McLeod, 1995; Newstead et al., 1996; Nonis and Swift, 1998; Athanasou and Olasehinde, 2002; Selwyn, 2008; Baetz et al., 2011; Eret and Ok, 2014)
- Grades (poorly performing students more likely to cheat) (Genereux and McLeod, 1995; Newstead et al., 1996; Park et al., 2013)
- Dissatisfaction with/poor learning environment (Whitley, 1998; Balbuena and Lamela, 2015; Bretag et al., 2018)
- A “normalization” of cheating including the perception that others are doing it (Genereux and McLeod, 1995; Whitley, 1998; Stephens et al., 2007; Megehee and Spake, 2008; Quintos, 2017)
- Studying in a second language/language tutoring (Ledesma, 2011; Bretag et al., 2018).
- Lenient institutional approaches to cheating/likelihood of being caught (Christensen-Hughes and McCabe, 2006; Megehee and Spake, 2008; Balbuena and Lamela, 2015).
- Lack of motivation (Park et al., 2013)
- Discipline studied (Newstead et al., 1996; Selwyn, 2008; Sendag et al., 2012; Ahmadi, 2014; Eret and Ok, 2014)
- Age (younger students more likely to cheat) (Hilbert, 1985; Newstead et al., 1996; Christensen-Hughes and McCabe, 2006; Hart and Morgan, 2010; Ahmadi, 2014)
- Distance learning vs. face to face (Kidwell and Kent, 2008; Hart and Morgan, 2010)
- An expectation that cheating will result in positive outcomes (Whitley, 1998; Park et al., 2013).
Abstract van het review onderzoek:
Contract cheating, where students recruit a third party to undertake their assignments, is frequently reported to be increasing, presenting a threat to academic standards and quality. Many incidents involve payment of the third party, often a so-called “Essay Mill,” giving contract cheating a commercial aspect. This study synthesized findings from prior research to try and determine how common commercial contract cheating is in Higher Education, and test whether it is increasing. It also sought to evaluate the quality of the research evidence which addresses those questions. Seventy-one samples were identified from 65 studies, going back to 1978. These included 54,514 participants. Contract cheating was self-reported by a historic average of 3.52% of students. The data indicate that contract cheating is increasing; in samples from 2014 to present the percentage of students admitting to paying someone else to undertake their work was 15.7%, potentially representing 31 million students around the world. A significant positive relationship was found between time and the percentage of students admitting to contract cheating. This increase may be due to an overall increase in self-reported cheating generally, rather than contract cheating specifically. Most samples were collected using designs which makes it likely that commercial contract cheating is under-reported, for example using convenience sampling, with a very low response rate and without guarantees of anonymity for participants. Recommendations are made for future studies on academic integrity and contract cheating specifically.